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Piebald madtom
The piebald madtom (''Noturus gladiator'') is a species of madtom catfish that is found in seven river systems in the Tennessee and Mississippi coastal tributaries. The most common systems N. gladiator is found in are, the Hatchie River, Obion River, and Wolf River.〔Thomas, Mathew R. and Burr, Brooks M.(2004), Norurus gladiator, a new species of madtom (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) from Coastal Plain streams of Tennessee and Mississippi. Icthyol. Explorer. Freshwaters, vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 351-368. Dec. 2004.〕 This species is very susceptible to environmental changes including flow regimes, siltation in nesting sites, and poor environmental quality.〔 The Noturus catfish reproduces from February to September and females reach sexual maturity in only one year.〔Bakar, J. A. and Heins, D. C.(1994), Reproductive life history of the North American nadtom catfish, Noturus hildebrandi (Bailey and Taylor 1950), with a review of data for the genus. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 3: 167-175.〕 Current management strategies for this recently discovered species haven’t been completely developed yet, but could be comparative to the management of other madtom species. Siltation in the southern portions of the rivers, inhabited by Noturus gladiator that comes from the northern aspects of the waterways is causing stress on the reproductive success due to nest suffocation. There are records as close as twenty years ago showing the species inhabiting multiple other rivers around the areas it currently inhabits. This could be a sign that the species is in a decline. There should be population surveys done on the existing habitat and water quality surveys done in the inhabited areas as well as the uninhabited neighboring areas to see what the limiting pollutant might be in the water causing habitats to shrink. The area that this species inhabits needs to be managed in a way that could see a resurgence in gladiators numbers.
==Geographic Distribution==
Norurus gladiator has a relatively small range only including a few of the Mississippi River drainages coming out of Tennessee and Mississippi.〔Florida Museum of Natural History. “Piebald Madtom, Noturus Gladiator.” Retrieved November 18, 2012. From Florida Museum of Natural History. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/catfish/ictaluridae/gladiatormadtom.htm〕 This range also includes the Yazoo and Big Black River systems in central Mississippi, but has not been collected in the Yazoo River since 1978, or the Big Black River since 1983.〔 To the north it occupies the Hatchie River, Obion River, and Wolf River. The species is believed to have inhabited a broader range at one time, but due to siltation from river based transport, construction, and farming. Gladiator occurred in the Loosahatchie River, but has not been found since 1954.〔 It is thought to have once occupied the Forked Deer drainage, but no longer after channelization of this system.〔 Most of the remaining populations have been pushed to sites of the rivers with lower human densities and clearer flowing water. At one point N. gladiator was lumped with another species of Noturus, but recent molecular testing made it able to become its own species.〔Egge, J. J. D. and Simons, A. M.(2009), molecules, morphology, missing data and the phyloghenetic position of a recently extinct madtom catfish (Actinopterygii: Ictaluridea). Zoological Journal of the innean Society, 155:60-75.〕 The dorsal spine structure of N. Gladiator had to be studied to determine if it was its own species.〔Egge, J. J. D. (2007), patterns of morphological, molecular, and sting evolution in madtom catfishes (Ictaluridae: Noturus) with insights into their plylogenetic relationships. University of Minnesota, 2007.〕 This finding limited the range of N. stigmosus to only the northern portion of its formerly know range and gave the southern range to N. gladiator.〔Clarke, Matt. “New Species-Noturus Gladiator.” Retrieved November 18, 2012. From Practical Fish Keeping. http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=483〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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